مجله دانشکده علوم پزشکی نیشابور
پیاپی 4 (پاییز 1393)

Introduction and Despite the restrictions for the use of lead-containing compounds in industry and services، it remains one of the main agents to create acute and chronic poisoning، particularly in industrialized countries in the world. We searched all published articles from 1980 to 2014 by using of web search engine such as ISI Web of Science، Science direct، PubMed and Scholar Google. Several epidemiological studies indicate a possible role of this metal in exacerbation of asthma. Despite the development of therapeutic strategies for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in humans and animals، the disease has not subsided and remains a serious threat for human and animal health. Finding of the etiologic relationship between these diseases and intoxications occupational، environmental، and sustainability-environmental could be replaced progress therapeutic approaches with an advanced proactive approach to achieve substantial progress. A present review study has been conducted to investigate the experimental and epidemiological studies the effects of lead exposure on the occurrence of the attack of asthma. The results indicate that lead may cause increased airways responsiveness، pathological changes and inflammatory responses in victim.

Introduction and Fruits and vegetables as parts of healthy food system are recommend. Individuals who have high consumption of fruits and vegetables، less likely to involve overweight and danger of encountering to cordial disease and special type of cancer is reduced. Consumption of fruit and vegetable lead to safe from type 2 diabetes، brain strike، long term pulmonary diseases، eye cataract، blood pressure and intestine disease. This cross-sectional analytic study implemented on 200 citizen in Ilam by random sampling. Data gathering tools is questionnaire include constructions of developed planned behavior theory. Attitudes، habits، and intention have impact directly on consumption of fruit and vegetables. However attitude and habits affected consumption of fruit and vegetables thereby intention. Based on general effect of variables after habits، attitude was the second factor that predict the consumption. Mental norms have no significant direct effect on consumption of fruit and vegetables. Hygienic theories such as planned behavior theory، can help to predicting and planning healthy behaviors. Planned behavior theory can be used for planning and intervening in order to preventing of disease.

Introduction and Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common mental disorders which makes several problems for patients with restricting their abilities. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Brief Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy in reducing symptoms of social anxiety. 20 participants of secondary school female students in Karaj among students with significant social anxiety scores (resulting from the administering the Spin questionnaires)، selected via Cluster sampling and randomly were assigned to experimental and control groups of ten persons. Then a Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy based on the model of Morris administered and again at the end of the treatment two groups were assessed by using the Social Anxiety Scale. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used for the data analysis method. Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been create a significant change in the level of social anxiety scores in the significant level of P<0. 001. In this way the intervention reduced social anxiety scores of the experimental group (F=305. 3) and these changes persisted during both of 1-month and 3-month follow-up. Cognitive behavior group therapy based on the Morris model can reduce social anxiety disorder in girl students.

Introduction and Continuous controlling is a useful instrument to facilitate organization progress and development، so that neglect to this crucial matter leads to job burnout and lower quality services. This study was done to explore predictors of job satisfaction among nurses employed in hospitals affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences. In this cross-sectional descriptive study، 309 nurses of eight educational centers in Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2010 were selected by stratified sampling and were investigated by a two part questionnaire including demographic information and Index of Work Satisfaction (IWS). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics tests (Pearson، Chi-square and Multivariate Linear Regression Model) at P<0/05 with SPSS v16. The overall nurses’ job satisfaction was found to be at moderate level 163/69. The highest satisfaction score was specified to the element of task requirement followed by autonomy and low level of satisfaction was due to two components including interaction and payment. We considered variables in a multivariate linear regression analysis، the main determinants of total job satisfaction were employment status (P<0/05)، family income (P<0/03) and the number of children (P<0/007). As satisfied employees play a crucial role in organization’s success، improving and reinforcing job factors related to nurses’ satisfaction in job environment، using a comprehensive program by organization managers and planners seems necessary.

Introduction and Violence against women is a social problem that negatively affects other health priorities، such as maternal and child health and mental health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of abuse and social factors affecting women who admitted to Shahid Fayazbakhsh Hospital in 2012. In this cross-sectional study that was carried out on 100 women who referred to Shahid Fayazbakhsh Hospital of Tehran in 2012، gathered data with questionnaire and interview، finally was analyzed by SPSS software. The most common forms of abuse were verbal abuse، emotional، physical and social. Violence against women was much in older (P=0. 01). There was not significant relationship between education and violence (P=0. 182، r=0. 10). The number of children and levels of violence in the family have not a significant correlation (P=0. 524). A significant relationship between income and violence against women was abserved (P=0. 003). The results showed that many of women in this study were influenced by a variety of misconduct. With respect to factors that influence this problem seems increasing awareness and life skills training to women and girls to repel the couple abuse، can take steps to reduce this problem.

Introduction and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a social cognitive decision-making model that provides a useful framework for predicting and explaining health behaviors. Based upon our search، there are no studies about validation of exclusive breastfeeding questionnaire، using TPB، at the first six month after birth in Iran. The present study was designed to develop and validate the exclusive breastfeeding questionnaire in Gonabad pregnant women. Developing exclusive breastfeeding questionnaire; an initial list of 25 questions was prepared with the participation of 20 pregnant women and 12 related professionals. Validating the questionnaire، we applied Face Validity and Content Validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Intra-class correlation coefficient were calculated to determine reliability. Data were analyzed by using SPSS v. 16 software. The results showed that all 25 questions of the TPB questionnaire has an acceptable content validity (0. 66 to 0. 99). Measures of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Intra-class correlation coefficient were 0. 79 and 0. 81، respectively. Our findings indicate that TPB exclusive breastfeeding questionnaire has an acceptable validity and reliability that can be used in research activities.

Introduction and Since the health can affect the various aspects of life، the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between general health and improvement motivation with educational success among the Fasa University of Medical Sciences students. 372 students of Fasa University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected for a cross-sectional study. They completed the demographic questionnaire of 28 items Goldberg health and Herman’s achievement motivation. Having an average mark of 15 out of 20 and not failed in any subjects at any time were the criteria for educational achievement in this study. Paired T test، ANOVA and chi-square test were used for comparing the groups analytically. Mean score for success motivation among the students who entered the university in 2013 was 83. 5±7. 7، in 2012:71. 9±7. 7، in 2011:72. 6±6. 9 and in 2010:72. 1±5. 1 (P˂0/001). Students’ field of study and their interest were related to the score of achievement motivation، so that the highest scores belonged to Hygiene 78. 1±5. 9 (P˂0/01)، Medicine 74. 6±6. 1 (P˂0/01) and surgical technology 69. 7±6. 8 (P˂0/05) respectively. 69. 7 percent of students had mental health. In comparison of 4 parts of Goldberg questionnaire and the score of: anxiety، depression، health disorder and social withdrawal، there was a reverse meaningful correlation between the last semester average with depression score (r= -0/33، P˂0/01) and social performance (r= -0/29، P˂0/05). About 30 percent of students had low health score. There was a relationship between educational achievement and depression. So there is a demand for a precise planning regarding the medical students’ training program in order to improve the educational achievements and health.

Introduction and Care and cure are elements of culture that is foundation of social ethics. There are few studies about culture of society in care and cure. Ferdowsi`s Shahnameh is a valid evidence for Iranians` culture، values and believes. Aim is to derive patient rights concepts from Ferdowsi`s Shahnameh. This study was a content analysis with qualitative approach and inductive analysis. Joneidi`s Shahnameh stories has been searched for the phrases: “Bimar”، “Parastar”، “Pezeshk” and “Daroo”. All stories including these words have been studied comparing to a valid interpretation of Shahnameh. Dependability and conformability has been achieved by review، repeatedly coresearcher appraisal. Qualitative data has been categorized conceptually through inductive methods. 23 “Bimar”، 60 “Parastar”، 37 “Pezeshk” and 15 “Daroo” have been found in Shahnameh investigation. The results of study were consist of four legal themes: Accountability (consciousness، Confidentiality and speed)، Emotional interaction (Sympathy and companion grief)، Value-based interaction (Receptiveness، Beneficence and Comfort) and Autonomy (Right to refuse، Physician selection، Physician health and Objective Assessment). It can be a useful guide to pay attention to historical role of health worker with clarifying values in order to developing ethical and legal concepts.